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Species & Dataset
Experiment
Foliar ozone injury

  • Arabidopsis thaliana

  • Common name: Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress

  • Family: Brassicaceae

  • Cultivar: Col-0 (wild type), ein2 (Ethylene signaling deficient), sid2 (Salicylic acid biosynthesis deficient)

  • Tissue: Rosettes

  • Ozone concentration: 200 nL L-1

  • Ozone exposure: 24 hours

  • Platform: Macroarray

  • Year of study: 2009

  • Location: Japan

Arabidopsis_injury.png

Title:  Ethylene and salicylic acid control glutathione biosynthesis in ozone-exposed Arabidopsis thaliana.

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Summary: Ozone produces reactive oxygen species and induces the synthesis of phytohormones, including ethylene and salicylic acid. These phytohormones act as signal molecules that enhance cell death in response to ozone exposure. However, some studies have shown that ethylene and salicylic acid can instead decrease the magnitude of ozone-induced cell death. Therefore, we studied the defensive roles of ethylene and salicylic acid against ozone.Unlike the wild-type, Col-0, Arabidopsis mutants deficient in ethylene signaling (ein2) or salicylic acid biosynthesis (sid2) generated high levels of superoxide and exhibited visible leaf injury, indicating that ethylene and salicylic acid can reduce ozone damage. Macroarray analysis suggested that the ethylene and salicylic acid defects influenced glutathione (GSH) metabolism. Increases in the reduced form of GSH occurred in Col-0 6 h after ozone exposure, but little GSH was detected in ein2 and sid2 mutants, suggesting that GSH levels were affected by ethylene or salicylic acid signaling. We performed gene expression analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction using genes involved in GSH metabolism. Induction of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSH1), glutathione synthetase (GSH2), and glutathione reductase 1 (GR1) expression occurred normally in Col-0, but at much lower levels in ein2 and sid2. Enzymatic activities of GSH1 and GSH2 in ein2 and sid2 were significantly lower than in Col-0. Moreover, ozone-induced leaf damage observed in ein2 and sid2 was mitigated by artificial elevation of GSH content. Our results suggest that ethylene and salicylic acid protect against ozone-induced leaf injury by increasing de novo biosynthesis of GSH.

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Reference: Yoshida, S., Tamaoki, M., Ioki, M., Ogawa, D., Sato, Y., Aono, M., Kubo, A., Saji, S., Saji, H., Satoh, S. and Nakajima, N., 2009. Ethylene and salicylic acid control glutathione biosynthesis in ozone‐exposed Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiologia Plantarum, 136(3), pp.284-298.

sid2

ein2

Col-0

AGI Gene Code
Uniprot ID
Bin Code
Bin Name
Col-0 (0 h)
Col-0 (3 h)
Col-0 (6 h)
Col-0 (12 h)
ein2 (0 h)
ein2 (3 h)
ein2 (6 h)
ein2 (12 h)
sid2 (0 h)
sid2 (3 h)
sid2 (6 h)
sid2 (12 h)
Functional annotation
Gene
AT5G28840
Q93VR3
21.2.1.1
redox.ascorbate and glutathione.ascorbate.GME
0.78
0.74
0.52
0.44
0.47
0.51
0.43
0.46
0.43
0.43
0.47
0.55
GDP-D-mannose 3',5'-epimerase
ATGME
AT3G02870
Q9M8S8
3.4.5
minor CHO metabolism.myo-inositol.inositol phosphatase
0.44
0.82
0.56
0.25
0.26
0.49
0.42
0.37
0.25
0.41
0.45
0.4
L-galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase
VTC4-1
AT4G33670
O81884
21.2.1.4
redox.ascorbate and glutathione.ascorbate.L-galactose dehydrogenase
0.39
0.67
0.52
0.31
0.23
0.28
0.44
0.35
0.24
0.34
0.38
0.36
L-galactose dehydrogenase
L-GalDH
AT3G47930
Q9SU56
21.2.1.5
redox.ascorbate and glutathione.ascorbate.L-Galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase
0.46
0.82
0.57
0.36
0.29
0.32
0.43
0.36
0.46
0.67
0.54
0.48
L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase
ATGLDH
AT5G16710
Q8LE52
21.2.1
redox.ascorbate and glutathione.ascorbate
0.6
0.51
0.45
0.34
0.52
0.45
0.27
0.37
0.47
0.37
0.45
0.39
Chloroplast dehydroascorbate reductase
chlDHAR
AT4G30570
Q8H1Q7
10.1.1.1
cell wall.precursor synthesis.NDP sugar pyrophosphorylase.GDP mannose
0.01
0.03
-0.04
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.07
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.01
GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase
VTC1-c
AT5G21105
F4K6Z6
21.2.1
redox.ascorbate and glutathione.ascorbate
0.12
0.19
0.05
0.08
0.06
0.08
0.04
0.18
0.08
0.2
0.17
0.15
L-ascorbate oxidase
AO
AT2G37040
P35510
16.2.1.1
secondary metabolism.phenylpropanoids.lignin biosynthesis.PAL
0.56
1.91
0.71
0.52
0.36
0.63
0.62
0.59
0.37
0.8
0.56
0.48
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 1
PAL1
AT1G51680
Q42524
16.2.1.3
secondary metabolism.phenylpropanoids.lignin biosynthesis.4CL
0.54
1.33
0.45
0.35
0.38
0.38
0.49
0.24
0.61
0.53
0.31
0.37
CoA ligase
4-CL
AT5G13930
P13114
16.8.2.1
secondary metabolism.flavonoids.chalcones.naringenin-chalcone synthase
0.5
0.46
0.44
0.44
0.43
0.54
0.47
0.64
0.4
0.24
0.47
0.57
Chalcone synthase
CHS
AT2G25080
P52032
21.2
redox.ascorbate and glutathione
1.37
1.34
0.82
0.53
0.71
0.77
0.77
0.5
1.14
0.78
0.65
0.53
Glutathione peroxidase 1
GPX1
AT2G31570
O04922
21.2.2
redox.ascorbate and glutathione.glutathione
1.08
1.85
1.23
0.5
0.49
1.33
1.26
0.66
0.56
1.03
0.7
0.76
Glutathione peroxidase 2
GPX2
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